My family visited Washington D.C. last year for Spring Break and, during our 12-hour drive, I remember noticing a subtle change in the names of the cities and towns we were passing through. In the beginning, the place names had a familiar mid-western flavor; one that mixed Native American origins (e.g. Milwaukee, Chicago) with bits of French missionary and 19th-century European settler. The names slowly took on a more Anglo-Saxon bent as we moved east, traveling through spots like Wexford, PA, Pittsburgh, PA, Gaithersburg, MD, Boonsboro, MD, Hagerstown, MD, and Reston, VA.
We have English-sounding place names in Wisconsin, of course, including highfalutin towns like Brighton, Kingston, and New London, but they seem to get overwhelmed by the sheer number of places with syllables like “wau”, “kee”, and “sha” (or all three combined). Many of these town names can be difficult for “outsiders” to pronounce and the spelling is all over the place since they were often coined by non-native speakers who’d misheard the original words. (The Native American word for “firefly”, for example, is linked to variations like Wauwatosa (WI), Wawatasso (MN), and Wahwahtaysee Way (a street in MI).)
I thought it would be interesting to see if there were any patterns to these U.S. place names or toponyms so I pulled a list of Census Places and extracted the most frequent letter combinations from the names of the country’s cities, towns, and villages. I tried to isolate true prefixes and suffixes by remove any letter pairings that were simply common to the English language and I then counted up the number of times each word root appeared and ranked them by state.
Top 10 Word Roots by State
After looking over the top word roots by state, I was interested in seeing more detail so I calculated a location quotient for some of the most common word roots and plotted these out by county. Click on the maps for a larger D3 map.
Location Quotient for “ton”
The word town derives from the Germanic word for “fence” or “fenced settlement.” In the U.S., the use of -ton/-town to honor important landowners or political leaders began before the American Revolution (think Jamestown, VA or Charleston, SC) and continued throughout the settlement of the country. (Interestingly, my hometown of Appleton, WI was named for philanthropist Samuel Appleton and is not a true town-based word root.)
Location Quotient for “boro/borough”
The word borough originates from the Germanic word for “fort” and has many common variations, including suffixes like -borough/-boro, and -burgh/-burg. Like -ton/-town, these place name suffixes became popular in the 18th century and were used extensively throughout New England and the Atlantic coastal colonies. You can see how dominant the -boro/-borough suffix is in the upper Northeast.
Location Quotient for “ville”
The suffix “ville” comes from the French word for “farm” and is the basis for common words like “villa” and “village”. The use of the suffix -ville for the names of cities and towns in the U.S. didn’t really begin until after the Revolution, when pro-French sentiment spread throughout the country — particularly in the South and Western Appalachian regions. The popularity of this suffix began to decline in the middle of the 19th century but you can still see it’s strong influence in the southern states.
Location Quotient for “san/santa”
The Spanish colonial period in the Americas left a large legacy of Spanish place names, particularly in the American West and Southwest. Many of the Californian coastal cities were named after saints by early Spanish explorers, while other cities in New Spain simply included the definite article (“la”, “el”, “las” and “los) in what was often a very long description (e.g. “El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula” … now known simply as Los Angeles or LA). The map shows the pattern for the San/Santa prefix, which is strong on the West Coast and weaker inland, where it may actually be an artifact of some Native American word roots.
Location Quotient for “Lake/Lakes”
The practice of associating a town with a nearby body of water puts a wrinkle into the process of tracking of place names (the history of “hydronyms” being an entirely different area of study) but it was common in parts of the country that were mapped by explorers first and settled later. This can be seen in the prevalence of town names with word roots like Spring, Lake, Bay, River, and Creek.
Location Quotient for “Beach”
There is a similar process for other prominent features of the landscape such as fields, woods, hills, mountains, and — in Florida’s case — beaches.
Location Quotient for “wau”
Here is the word root that started this whole line of inquiry. It is apparently a very iconic Wisconsin toponym, with even some of the outlying place names having Wisconsin roots (the city of Milwaukie in Clackamas County, Oregon was named after Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the 1840s).
D3 Notes:
- JSON for States – I removed part of the JSON code for Virginia because it looks like it is just a box inserted into the code.
- Combining JSON datasets
- Tooltip
- Sizing
Interesting. Brilliantly illustrated, and I credit you for the original thought while driving also. I particularly like the illustration of “ville”, which I think proves your point best. I was amused by the presence of “beach” in middle America, thought to myself “who are the idiots who named a place in dead center USA after a beach?” then noticed its MIssouri, so…that answers that.
I ponder also the repeated use of US presidents for street names. I wonder if certain presidents were popular in certain eras for political/cultural reasons and so had their names used on streets and schools, etc., during that era. When was Lincoln most popular? McKinley – why? Has Kennedy fallen out of use completely? Roosevelt – same?
Thanks, Doug. It was a long drive and I had a lot of time to think about weird stuff. I think some of my other thoughts revolved around the Interstate numbering system and regional variations in utility pole design.
I like your thoughts on street names. I would imagine that there was a point in the country’s development where cities needed a quick set of “grand” street names, so they went with the Presidents. These days developers would probably opt for flowers or Shakespeare characters or something.
There’s a town southwest of Canton OH named Beach city, named after Railroad tycoon Albert Beach, maybe there are others in the region.
You don’t have to have an ocean to have a beach. Lakes can have beaches, too.
I can’t roll over NJ on the first map D8
If the map is too small it looks like the label will interfere with the rollover. On a PC you should be able to open the frame in its own tab and the map is bigger. I’ll keep that issue in mind next time I try this. Thanks!
Hi, Mike, my name is Bill Cronon. I’m an emeritus professor of environmental history and historical geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and am trying to email you about the blog post above, How can I get in touch with you? I haven’t found an email address for you, and the only phone number I’ve been able to locate appears no longer to be current. I promise, this is not a spam request! I’m interested to know whether your data sources for the maps above are still available and whether you’d be willing to share them with me for a book I’m writing that includes a chapter on place names. If you could get back to me at the email address I’ve posted, I’d be super grateful. You can learn more about me at the website link I’ve provided, especially the link to the course on The Making of the American Landscape, which you’ll see includes a chapter on place names. Thanks!